Law
How Class Actions Get Certified Under Rule 23
Before any class action can proceed, a judge must certify that the case meets Rule 23's requirements — the fight that decides most class litigation.
Aleksandr Komarov · March 8, 2026
Law: Cases, Courts and Rights
Law covers judgments, statutes and enforcement actions with attention to their operative effect: the parties bound, the date of application, the reasoning available for appeal and the precedent set. Areas include administrative, competition, employment and constitutional questions touching economic activity. Written for lawyers and for non-lawyers who must comply.
Law covers judgments, statutes and enforcement actions with attention to their operative effect: the parties bound, the date of application, the reasoning available for appeal and the precedent set. Areas include administrative, competition, employment and constitutional questions touching economic activity. Written for lawyers and for non-lawyers who must comply.
Law
What the Federal Appeals Circuits Actually Do
The 13 federal circuit courts decide about 45,000 appeals a year, and their regional structure is why the same federal law can mean different things in California and Texas.
Aleksandr Komarov · January 31, 2026
Law
How a Case Reaches the Supreme Court
The Supreme Court accepts roughly 1 percent of the petitions filed each term, and the path runs through losing below, a certiorari petition, and the Rule of Four.
Valentina Sokolov · January 4, 2026